Cardio-Reno-Cardiac Syndrome, Classification, Pathophysiology and Clinical Implications: Review—Part 6

Elmukhtar Habas¹, Amnna Rayani², Ala Habas³, Kaled Alarabi⁴, Eshrak Habas⁵, Mohamed Baghi⁴, Aml Habas⁶, Mehdi Errayes¹

Keywords: Cardiorenal syndrome, secondary CRS, cardio-reno-cardiac syndrome, sepsis, acutekidney injury, HRS, lupus nephritis, CRCS therapy

DOI: 10.63475/yjm.v5i2.0433

DOI URL: https://doi.org/10.63475/yjm.v5i2.0433

Publish Date: 20-07-2026

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Pages: 318 - 340

Downloads: 4

Citation: 0

Author Affiliation:

1 Senior Consultant, Hamad Medical Corporation, Hamad General Hospital, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
2 Senior Consultant, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
3 Resident, Gourtouba Dialysis Center, Open Libyan University, Tripoli, Libya
4 Associated Consultant, Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
5 Resident, TUH, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
6 Specialist, Open Libyan University, Tripoli, Libya

Abstract

Type 5 cardio-renal syndrome (CRS), cardio-reno-cardiac syndrome (CRCS), is a condition secondary to systemic diseases that usually leads to acute or chronic dysfunction of the heart or kidney, which causes dysfunction of the other organ. Different pathophysiological mechanisms and factors affecting CRCS development, such as systemic lupus, hypertension, and diabetes, lead to acute and chronic damage to the heart and kidneys at the same time. Furthermore, other diseases such as hepatic cirrhosis can cause kidney failure and inapparent or apparent heart dysfunction, precipitating CRCS. In this part of the CRS review series, pathophysiology, risk factors, and management of CRCS are comprehensively reviewed, incorporating the latest evidence and recent advances in the field.

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